Question 1  Describe symptoms, historical features and US findings in • Testicular torsion • Epididymoorchitis , epididymitis Ultrasound is an essential tool in differentiating between the different causes of testicular pain however ultrasound alone cannot exclude torsion. Initially ultrasound findings in testicular torsion may be unremarkable and then become heterogeneous or diffusely hypo-echoic, mimicking epididymo-orchitis both Read more about Question 1 : Compare Testicular Torsion, Epididymo-orchitis and Epididymitis[…]

Question  2 Cricket ball to groin in young adult. Describe how you would perform scrotal US on this patient and your possible findings Performing scrotal US in the context of trauma • Private area • Chaperone • Analgesia • Gloved hand • Patient supine • Ample gel and warm if possible • Place towel beneath Read more about Question 2: Trauma to testes[…]

Question 3 :  A 30 year old man presents with a tender groin and palpable mass • List the DD (5 marks) • Describe the E Physician sonographic approach to this problem (10 marks) Differential diagnosis: Inguinal hernia direct or indirect Femoral hernia Lymph node Varicocoele Hydrocoele Femoral artery aneurysm Tumour  of spermatic cord or Read more about Question 3 : Tender groin and palpable mass[…]

Question 4 A 25 year old man presents with acute left groin pain a) Discuss your US evaluation. Include choices of probe/s, the areas that you would examine and your method b) What additional clinical information is important? c) During the examination you cannot find the left testicle in the scrotum I. Discuss your further Read more about Question 4 : Acute left groin pain[…]

Question  5 Groin lump after angioplasty. Approach and US findings Approach The lump should be evaluated clinically for pulsatility and for the presence of bruits or palpable thrill. The differential diagnosis includes large haematoma, a pseudo aneurysm AV fistula• Use a 5 -7.5 MHz linear array probe. May need a 3.5 MHz curvilinear if patient Read more about Question 5: Groin lump post angioplasty[…]