Biliary Quiz

Questions Robyn Boman/Genevieve Carbonatto 1. What is the sonographic appearance of adenomyomatosis? 2. What is the normal thickness of the gallbladder and what are some causes of GB wall thickening? 3. Describe the sonographic appearance of sludge in the gallbladder and the differential diagnoses. 4. Describe the appearance of a fatty liver  optimisation of an Read more about Biliary Quiz[…]

Aorta Quiz

All answers are directly  from the article  Jan 20, 2015 – Recommendations for echocardiographic chamber quantification were last published in 2005 by the American Society of. Echocardiography 1.How do you measure the LVOT diameter  or aortic annulus ? 2. How do you measure the aortic root? 3. What determines the size of the aortic root? Read more about Aorta Quiz[…]

Causes of Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Text Kathryn Statham, Genevieve Carbonatto Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common valvular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease Functionally the Mitral Valve apparatus consists of the mitral annulus the AMVL and PMVL the chordae the papillary muscles the left ventricular myocardium underlying the papillary muscles Anything that affects Read more about Causes of Mitral Valve Regurgitation[…]

Mitral valve anatomy

Text Genevieve Carbonatto The mitral valve apparatus consists of the  left atrial wall annulus 2 leaflets chordae tendinae papaillarymuscles left ventricular wall The MV has 2 leaflets, the anterior and posterior leaflets The anterior leaflet is Larger and thicker than the posterior leaflet Attached to the anterior mitral annulus which is in continuity with the Read more about Mitral valve anatomy[…]

Lung Ultrasound findings in COVID 19

Text Genevieve Carbonatto Specific examination ultrasound findings in COVID 19 are not unique to the disease. Lung findings include  pleural line irregularities, pleural thickening, B lines and consolidations. What is striking is the remarkably similar  distribution of lung  pathology from patient to patient. The posterolateral areas are generally affected first bilaterally and then the disease Read more about Lung Ultrasound findings in COVID 19[…]

1. Assessment of Severity of AS : 2D assessments

Kathryn Statham The ECHO features of aortic stenosis can be explained through the  natural history and the pathophysiology of the disease. Degenerative calcific AS is a progressive valvular disease. It is characterised by A long latent period when the patient is asymptomatic despite progressive obstruction of the valve Once symptoms occur, there is a rapid Read more about 1. Assessment of Severity of AS : 2D assessments[…]

2. Assessment of Severity of AS : Quantitative assessment

Kathryn Statham Quantitative Assessment of AS Peak AV jet velocity (m/sec) Mean AV gradient (mmHg) Valve area by continuity equation (cm2) Dimensionless severity index (dimensionless) 1. Pressure Gradients  Stenosis results in a pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is high before an obstruction and low distal to the obstruction. The greater the stenosis the greater the Read more about 2. Assessment of Severity of AS : Quantitative assessment[…]